How close to the property line can I build a shed in Canton Township?

For the rear lot line: 6 feet, in every zoning district (Section 2.03.D.3).

For the front and side lot lines, a detached shed or garage must meet the same setbacks as your house: 20/40 side feet in R-1 (least/total), 15/35 in R-2, 10/20 in R-3, and 5/15 in R-4 and R-5 with one side at least 10 feet (Section 26.02). The building must also sit fully behind the front building line of your house (Section 2.03.D.3), and on a double-frontage lot it is restricted to the central third of the lot (Section 2.03.B.1).

A structure within 10 feet of the house counts as attached and must meet the house's full setbacks instead (Section 2.03.C). Air conditioning units carry their own 6 foot side and rear setback (Section 2.03.F), and pools stay 5 feet off any line (Section 2.03.E.1). Measure from the true lot line on your survey, not the fence line, and confirm odd-shaped lots with the Building Official.